The goal of this research is recognition of species of pollution and a rough estimate of rate of transmitted pollution through northern Iran rivers to Caspian sea. Sampling from 3stations up-river, mid-river, and down-river in Lavij rood, Gland rood, and Sabze rood in a 6 month period from 2008/5/22 to 2008/11/22 coincides with warm, low rain, cold and rainy seasons and parameters as temperature, electrical conduction, solved turbidity, BOD,COD, with concentration of main cations and anions and microbiological parameters were measured.On the basis of piper diagram water of 3 rivers in rainy and low rain seasons are from kind of magnesium bicarbonate.The analysis of measured parameters according to N.S.F program showed that the total quality index in first 3 month in low rain seasons is lower than 50 and it means poor quality. In second 3 month in rainy seasons this index is upper than 50 and it means the medium quality of water.The classification and determination of the quality of water considering central committee standard of India pollution control with results of N.S.F method is in harmony.

The Space Agency of Coastal cities are in such a manner that if there exists no suitable program for sustainable spatial development, they will have a high degree of vulnerability. Therefore, in this paper, the spatial planning has been reviewed as an effective program in sustainability of spatial development of coastal cities and for the clarify and Scrutinize of the issue, while reviewing its theoretical bases, spatial planning of sustainable development of NOUR coastal CITY has been made by using statistical models such as Spearman Correlation test, Bogardou’s spectral and other analytical methods. The results of this paper are: Inability of Hadi plan of NOUR CITY about considering all the factors effective on spatial development of the CITY, lack of attention of Hadi plan to the need of citizens, lack of analysis of environment structures of urban areas by Hadi Plan, strategic location of NOUR coastal CITY because of placing at the confluence of water and drought and having passage way situation, no analysis of environment structures of urban area by Hadi plan, no analysis of the determinant forces and tendencies of urban changes, lack of considering the limits of spatial development, determining the potential of urban spatial development and change with respect to the results obtained through assumption tests, spatial planning in four areas of social, economical, land use and environmental has the highest growth in sustainable development of NOUR costal CITY.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the most important reasons for tax evasion and provide its ranking based on the opinion of experts and tax managers working in the tax affairs department of NOUR CITY. Methodology: The population under study consists of all employees and managers of NOUR CITY Tax Administration, as of 2023. First, several factors of tax evasion were investigated and confirmed using the first questionnaire and SPSS software. In the following, using the paired comparison questionnaire and Expert choice software, the most important criteria and sub-criteria affecting tax evasion were identified and then prioritized. Findings: The results showed that none of the five criteria and their sub-criteria were unimportant from the point of view of the research experts, and the law and regulation criterion among other criteria has the greatest effect on tax evasion. Originality: Undoubtedly, one of the ways to deal with tax evasion is to establish laws and regulations that can intelligently predict all the ways to penetrate the law and even circumvent it and propose solutions for it. In this case, it will be applicable and accepted by individuals and all groups of taxpayers. Despite the many efforts of governments in this field, tax evasion in Iran and in other countries of the world is still an issue that faces serious legal gaps. Knowing the extent of tax evasion and having a better understanding of its causes will help the process of finding mechanisms to prevent it or reduce its severity.

Urbanization modifies fluvial systems more than other human activities. Impervious surfaces increase runoff and sediment supply. Therefore, urban stream adjust channel morphology as a consequence of urbanization. In this research, effects of urbanization on stream channels, in NOUR CITY of Mazandaran province are studied. Aerial photographs and satellite images were used to document land cover, extent of urban areas and drainage network. Then, each stream was divided into reaches. Field surveys were achieved in 12 reaches, including measurements of channel dimension, sediment characteristics, geomorphic units, riparian vegetation and engineering structures. The streams have incised channels, very low gradients (<0. 003), width-to-depth ratios <10 and cohesive channel banks. Channel reaches in the NOUR CITY were categorized into five channel types, including adjusting-but could recover, adjusting-unable to recover naturally, channelized-channel altered, Channelized-engineered and Channelized-culverted. Then, stream channel hazards were identified for each type of channel. Urban channel modification was described as a qualitative model. This method provides a potential framework for urban stream management by identifying hazards relating to individual reaches and consideration to suggesting possible management options.

The maps of potential flooding areas can be the appropriate tool for urban planning in the future. In this research, potential flooding areas criteria viz. the urban land use, distance of river, elevation, slope and ground water level were considered. The weight of decision criteria were evaluated by paired comparison matrix. The final potential flooding map was divided to five different risk classes. About 15 percentage of the study area were belongs to very high and high risk classes. Including areas located in high risk near to the river, impermeable areas, low topography and slope less than two percent in these areas. Focus on areas with historical flood events showed that areas with slope less than two percent are more affect by flood. The results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process showed that ten percentage of the area with historical flood events is located in very high and high classes. The results show that percentage of the class area with high and very high risk according to historical flood events are 43, 34 and 26 percent for gaussian, triangular and generalizedbell-shaped membership functions, respectively. The result of Gaussian membership function is more similar to historical flood events reports.

An analysis of rural communities show segregation patterns in villages as the result of tribal and language relationships as well as the pattern of dependence in the past decades in Iran. This case study reveals that dependence of every person on his/her tribe had determined the location of his / her house in the village. Nowadays, segregation pattern has been changing drastically in villages due to change of rural urban linkage, expand of cities. The impacts of these cities on villages are more visible in peripheral villages.The results of this case study showed that segregation pattern has changed noticeably due to the changing relationship between NOUR Abad and peripheral villages, the entrance of the migrants and the impact of CITY capitals. The segregation pattern that was observed to have had occurred for tribal and language dependence in the past, now, is changing for economic dependence and the types of relationships. It was found that the location of every house in the village is decided based on economic status not for tribal and language status.

In near future, earth's temperature fluctuation will be considerable. This phenomenon is the result of concentration of greenhouse gases in the earth's atmosphere. Therefore, it seems necessary to prevent of its happening. The biological methods including plant biomass and phytomass and soil are proposed as the best and practical ways. Watersheds are the greatest physical and geomorphologic units which are contain two important factors soils and plants. So that the current trend of climate change is a double challenge and threat to the sustainability of watersheds. Soil and plant carbon sequestration are economic feasibility act and adaptable to their environment which they can be provided with land management ways by kind of scientific method. Therefore by scientific method of landuse planning, this research has been carried by aims of study of kind landuse on soil carbon sequestration and determines best of landuse in Vaz watershed of NOUR CITY. Soil sampling was carried at the selected different landuse area at two depths of 0-15 and 15-30 centimeters and after analyzing soil organic matters were calculated. Results showed that forests are rich at both depths. But on the farms and orchards, rangelands and rural areas have had least amounts of organic material. Therefore Vaz watershed has 741666 tons of reserve of carbon.

The effect of storage at 0 and 20° C for 30 days with and without a passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) and the effect of a freezing storage at-20,-40 and-80° C for 10 months followed by 1 week at 5° C on overall quality of Deglet NOUR dates were studied. After the storage time, the physicochemical properties and sensory quality, microbial development, and moth infestation (Ectomyelois ceratoniae) of dates were monitored. It was observed that the storage temperature greatly affected the overall quality of dates. The 0° C was recommended for a short-term storage of fresh dates of one month. The MAP technique (6 kPa O2+12 kPa CO2) showed a positive effect on keeping overall quality of dates at 20º C. However, for a long-term storage (10 months in frozen conditions plus 1 week at 5º C), all freezing temperatures assayed kept the overall quality of dates and no differences were observed among them. In order to minimize the global costs,-20° C was considered as the most adequate temperature for a long-term freezing storage period. In conclusion, these chilling and freezing techniques could be recommended for commercial use at industrial scale.

As cities develop and expand, their encounters with various topographic and geomorphological units and related issues increase. Geomorphological units are always related to the dynamics and dynamism of the natural environment, and any action taken in the direction of the development and construction of cities in some way intersects with the aforementioned dynamics and dynamism and, as a result, with morphological phenomena. In this encounter, if some essential principles and points are not observed, the morphodynamic balance of the environment will be disrupted and major risks will threaten the majority of urban equipment and facilities. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the role of unevenness in coastal CITY planning by comparing the two analytical hierarchy process methods, AHP and AHP FUZZY, in the CITY of Noor. The research method is descriptive, analytical and field-based in terms of applied and developmental purpose and in terms of data collection, in which the researcher-made questionnaire was used as a tool. The result of the sensitivity analysis showed that AHP is sensitive to uncertainty in the decision model; However, the comparative analysis shows that the differences between the criteria rankings in the two models do not necessarily result in the selection of different options (as focal points), but rather differences in the spatial extent of the selected options are more important. The findings provide a new direction for the selection of MCDM methods for urban planning. If the planning objective is to identify priority areas for development as focal points, then simpler MCDM methods such as AHP should suffice; but in more detailed planning where the identification of spatial boundaries is required (such as determining the master plan), a multiple approach using two or more MCDM techniques would be ideal.